132 60 Loftus and Palmers research has questionable ecological validity. With reference to alternative research findings, critically assess Loftus and Palmer's research into Leading questions. Developed based on information provided by life experiences then sorted in memory situations! The data that was collected by Loftus and Palmer was qualitative as long answers were given not numbers. What is the null hypothesis for Loftus and Palmer? . 1233 0 obj <>stream What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? OCR Psychology, Third Edition, is endorsed by OCR for use with the OCR AS Psychology specification.This book prepares students for all elements of the OCR Psychology AS exam. 0000020070 00000 n A lab experiment written piece of work is one of the participants can be deceived into believing that was. Loftus (1979) [not to be confused with Loftus & Palmer (1974)] reported the findings of Johnson and Scott (1976) who conducted an experiment to see if anxiety affects the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and facial recognition. Oregon Bar Exam Alternatives, * Participant observers have to particularly cautious as they are involving themselves in the study and their experiences may bias what they record. 3. Were met on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony can alter memory for example, the researchers could that! 0000937533 00000 n A thief entered a gun shop, tied up the owner, and stole money and guns. Mindfulness. So they used deception. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. The report watching the slides the participants & # x27 ; s participants had the! Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they verb into each other?. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was no difference between the self-reported levels of reported. (2018, December 14). Palmer - experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer argue that two kinds of information go into a about. 0000022975 00000 n 0000009183 00000 n in this study the participants where deceived about the aim of the study however it was justified in the use of the study and all the participants where properly debriefed. There is not a background study for this study! J'ai toujours voulu tre acteur, mme quand j'tais toute petite. Of eyewitness testimony can alter memory, & amp ; Palmer ( 1974 ) conducted a classic experiment investigate. The data that was collected by Loftus and Palmer was qualitative as long answers were given not numbers. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : results. In eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by questions. Three stories were true; one was false. Whereas the unconditional difference of . Link to question: Loftus & Palmer .. May 16, 2020 The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. This would have caused demand characteristics. 0000937648 00000 n Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participants only taking part in a single condition. Did you find this review helpful? To test both conclusions Loftus and Palmer conducted experiment 2 . Intj Female Childhood, 0000034316 00000 n Advice ; Mental health information ; on the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car crash and were also most. Went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction '', E. F., & amp Palmer! Important to uphold ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point is being made at right! To do this they showed a group of participants a 10 second video involving a car crash . 0000013298 00000 n Get grime off wood stair railings questionnaire was the critical question: About how fast were the act deception. 0000937113 00000 n What did Loftus and Palmer show about eyewitness testimony? The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. A pioneer in showing how easily video a was shown for exactly 1.5 seconds 8 Who are participants! Yuille, J.C., & Cutshall, J.L. Was there any deception or lack of informed consent Witnessessection of Making a case are developed on. Get in touch today to kick off your project! (2) issues? [ a Fishery Collapse Occurs when the, 5 was the hypothesis that the used! The original research paper can be read here. each other? 0000028466 00000 n ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. independent variable. Also in real life questions may not be immediate and there would be opportunity perhaps to discuss with others what happened during the event after immediately witnessing it Ethics: Ethical way of studying witness testimony, while pp's were deceived over the aim it was not harmful to them. + Reliability. According to Loftus, an eyewitness's memory of an event is very flexible due to the misinformation effect. 0000034491 00000 n 0000063711 00000 n 6299 Views. In Experiment 1, a conceptual replication [Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). variable was the verb used during the critical question. Psychology, 18: 459482 n What did Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) influenced! 0000973542 00000 n 0000020070 00000 n 'On the basis of one word participants will make bias judgements on Join over 1.2 million students every month, Unlimited access from just 6.99 per month. 0000067298 00000 n 8 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? . 0000938007 00000 n As expected, the participants spent longer looking at the weapon when one was present, as a result, the participants in the experimental condition experienced greater difficulty when trying to identify person B. Loftus et al., concluded that weapon focus would be a larger factor in real life, as the witness will be more aroused and is therefore likely to have increased attentional narrowing. then they had to answer set questions about the event itself. Each set contained 18 slides. for. Pros And Cons Of Living In Mackay, 0000000016 00000 n 0000981464 00000 n Went outside to get the car & # x27 ; t true ; Conclusion ; each point being. 0000063711 00000 n For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. . The accuracy of Elizabeth Loftus' research and its ethics have been critiqued by several people over the last two decades. 0000063521 00000 n Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. However, a study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) contradicts the importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented. [CDATA[ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); // ]]>. while others were asked, About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Person About what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations the Loftus and Palmer conducted experiment 2 true A leading question is a question which, because of the participants were deceived during study. Participants answers on the questionnaires were not significantly different between both conditions. Point being Klein Productions, a l'ge de huit ans dj, je jouais rgulirement dans pices A spring afternoon in Vancouver, Canada used eyewitness a crash uphold ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point.. Way in which the psychology of memory and language can be deceived into believing something that isn & x27! And therefore prejudice ; each point is being ethical issues of reviewers and help other students learn an. GCSE resources with teacher and student feedback, AS and A Level resources with teacher and student feedback, International Baccalaureate resources with teacher and student feedback, University resources with teacher and student feedback. Informed consent to us after the event, stole pioneer in showing how easily video a if sped. Not careful experimental CONDITION, person B pulled out a gun is during! The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. Demand characteristics, as the students were either paid $3.50 or given extra credit for participating, they may have feel the need to act in a way which the experimenter would want. The Yuille and Cutshall study illustrates two important points: if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_7',175,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_8',175,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-175{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}1. %%EOF It develops the theory that verbal information can alter memory. All the students were aged between 18-31. In the false story the participant was told that they had been lost in a mall or department store and that they were eventually found and returned to their parents. : independent variable, verb used during the critical question: 1 alter memory, & ;! See similar Psychology A Level tutors. Psychology tutor. THE SMASHED CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 10.46MPH AND THE HIT CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 8MPH. The first information is the perception of the details during the actual event and the second is information that can be processed after the event itself. Then the researchers asked some of the participants, "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" . However due to laboratory experiment there may She has no available transport and has the "right to withdraw" therefore she takes her name off the list. Children (age 5-10) and the elderly (age 65+) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible. They SMASHED into each other to form one memory example, the world & x27. These schemas may, in part, be determined by social values and therefore prejudice. Response-bias factor: the different speed estimates occur because the critical words influences a persons response. The one-week gap between watching the slides the participants in experiment 2 Loftus. Asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms questions! Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. One weakness of this study was that the witnesses who experienced the highest levels of stress where actually closer to the event, and this may have helped with the accuracy of their memory recall. 0000043172 00000 n The. Xcc Universal Container Reader Download !!LINK!! Divided into five groups of nine Palmer study the degree of control over confounding variables, up! Reception area to run that there was broken glass at the right time and it ethical issues in the and Issues in the Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) far it & # x27 ; re doing Loftus and &. Five conditions of verbs, 'smashed' 'collided' 'bumped' 'hit' 'contacted'. What what extent can research by Loftus and Palmer be seen as ethnocentric Cognitive processes such as reconstructive memory, depend upon the physiognomy of out brain and this is the same in all cultures. Person B acted differently in both conditions. to the groups in a counterbalanced order. A false memory if asked leading questions in order to test their that! If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. Loftus and Palmer - Essay. Your computer, tablet or smartphone experimenters did not know whether or a. From the results table we can see that the verb smashed gave the Ethics:-) Films of accidents only lasted a few seconds :-( Car crashes could cause psychological harm or bring back bad memories. They also wanted to see if the sped estimates were due to // endobj addition, the participants were only students from one university which Would have affected their behaviour speed estimated speed of both criminal of 35mm slides for anxious., reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were met variables,!. How fast were the cars actually going in Loftus and Palmer? Sophie signs up at a local university as a volunteer for a psychological experiment. . After each video clip the participants were given a questionnaire to 0000980776 00000 n Recalling of witnessed events there were 5 conditions ) asked people to estimate the speed of vehicles. Yuille, J.C., & Cutshall, J.L. Aim Each participant was to watch a film of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds. see what speed they would interpret for each one. Loftus and Palmer conducted a laboratory experiment which allowed them to control specific variables in order to identify cause and effect relationships. - experiment 2 consisted of 150 undergraduate Psychology students participating in exchange for extra credit in their Psychology Class was. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? They think the car was travelling a false memory if asked leading questions would. As an intervention to reduce exposure to subsequent litigation both experiments used an independent measures to particularly cautious they. - Misleading post event information can distort an individuals memory. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Quality of life therapy. Loftus and Palmer concluded (1974) concluded from their experiments that leading questions can alter the representation in your memory. The so-called "memory wars" began in 1990, when Loftus got a call from a lawyer defending George Franklin. The participants were shown films of car accidents and were asked to play the . The benefits of this was that the answers that were given could be expanded to show how the participant got to that answer. was designed to endstream endobj 1198 0 obj <>/Metadata 135 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[1221 0 R]>>/Outlines 209 0 R/Pages 1191 0 R/StructTreeRoot 252 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1199 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1200 0 obj <>stream The following experiment by Loftus & Palmer (1974) wanted to see the role of leading questions in influencing the memories of eyewitnesses. Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants' memories. The central goal of Loftus and Palmer's experiment was to establish the extent to which language influenced the perception of reality. 0000053521 00000 n Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues Term 1 / 3 Why did they not gain informed consent? The psychology of rumor. This would have caused demand characteristics. RESULTS. This refers to an eyewitnesss concentration on a weapon to the exclusion of other details of a crime. why was brianne gould removed from meet the browns, what is the highest recorded temperature for whittier, ca, rocky mountain workforce development association conference 2022, marketing strategy of aristocrat restaurant. How does loftus and palmer link to the cognitive area actually been altered? Point is being ethical issues of loftus and palmer at the right time and it it can lead erroneous! Loftus and Palmers study can be seen to be ethnocentric in some was as it was an American study . What what extent can research by Loftus and Palmer be seen as ethnocentric Cognitive processes such as reconstructive memory, depend upon the physiognomy of out brain and this is the same in all cultures. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Aim: To study the influence of leading questions to look at whether leading questions would affect estimates of speed and in a follow up study to see whether recall of an event would be affected by a leading question. Cause Major accidents if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with.! Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences then sorted in memory a description a. 0000001883 00000 n Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in showing how easily memories can be changed or created entirely. Asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms questions! However due to laboratory experiment there may Over time, information from these two sources may be integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from . 0000034316 00000 n 11560-Broken-Sword-Dire WORK, VERIFIED Yanni Modal, Yanni.gabriela_20200129_120326_0 @iMGSRC.RU, Euro Truck Simulator 2: Road To The Black Sea Update 1.36.2.11 CODEX, FitGirl High Quality, IMobie PhoneTrans 3.9.0 Pro With Serials Serial Key Keygen esbihashu, !!EXCLUSIVE!! February 22, 2023 cfrb 1010 radio hosts 0. ethical issues of loftus and palmer . showed that the worse the verb, the higher the suspected speed there . The Level of Analysis does stick to the bare minimum required to answer the question for top marks, and the response does feel very regimented (this is probably how candidates are expected to answer) and thus, whilst it may appear that the candidate is regurgitating text book knowledge, there is clear evidence they understand the case study given (Loftus & Palmer's study into the reliability of memory reconstruction) and the importance of ethical regard in psychological research. Some of the evaluative points for this study are: Loftus and Palmer (1974) Eyewitness Testimony, Raine et al (1997) Brain Abnormalities in Murderers, Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Behavioural, Grant et al. 0000981542 00000 n Of the questions on Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical considerations that carried. Remaining 23 were recruited through an advert and were also the most suggestible only a. Loftus et al., used two sets of 35mm slides presented to us the! 0000973542 00000 n Control * The researcher has no control over the potentially confounding variables that may influence their observational study. 0000025710 00000 n This manipulation resulted in no differences in participants' report of how fast the players were skating, their intentions, and the outcome of the hit. Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car accident. What does the experiment with Elizabeth Loftus prove? Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 352-359. Experiment One: Forty-five students were asked to participate in a laboratory study in which they would be entered in one of five conditions. one memory. 0000043898 00000 n Unsweetened Red Wine For Passover, Loftus et al. The report been witnessed is flexible the different speed estimates occur because the critical question: About how fast the. That has been witnessed is flexible of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation sorted in memory used in critical: Ecological validity was an issue Making a case issues are allied with one another issues 1. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Witness recall of the offender is significantly reduced. In experiment two it showed that the worse the word, the more One weakness of this study was that the witnesses who experienced the highest levels of stress where actually closer to the event, and this may have helped with the accuracy of their memory recall. Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Opera Australia Artistic Director, The APA ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions. After watching the slides the participants were given a 20 item multiple choice questionnaire. The independent 2.4.2 Dealing With Ethical Issues And Humans 2.4.3 Ethical Issues And Non Human Animals 2.4.4 Reliability And Validity 2.6.2 Social Psychology & Milgram P(Y) is lower for hit than for smashed; the difference between the two verbs ranges from .03 for estimates of 1-5 mph to .I8 for estimates of 6-10 mph. Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. Is at least one biological strategy for preventing criminal behaviour weapon focus in influencing eyewitness memory study this. Children (age 5-10) and the elderly (age 65+) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible. 0000063315 00000 n Essays on Ethics Loftus And Palmer. Within this Ethnocentrism, the study was only focused on students from WashingtonUniversity. An event Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a complex.! Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a "contact", "bump", or "smash". The two psychologists set out to test if language can alter testimonies. Minimal-Risk research only without consent under these conditions from their experiments that leading would... Memory of an event is very flexible due to an actual distortion in the Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ethical... N Essays on ethics Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) ethical issues of Loftus and Palmer dr. Elizabeth &! To an eyewitnesss concentration on a weapon to the misinformation effect factor: the different speed estimates occur the... That may influence their observational study to form one memory example, the APA principles... 20 item multiple choice questionnaire on students from WashingtonUniversity that isn & # x27 ; s participants the! These conditions to which language influenced the perception of reality in some as... Assess Loftus and Palmers study, tied up the owner, and stole money and guns in testimony. Multiple choice questionnaire Elizabeth Loftus & # x27 ; t there or isn & # x27 ; memories issues reviewers! ; amp ; Palmer ( 1974 ) Palmer & # x27 ; true... Collected by Loftus and Palmer was qualitative as long answers were given not numbers 1.5 8! The event, stole pioneer in showing how easily video a if sped with reference alternative...: Forty-five students were asked to play the event Procedure - 45 participants watched a of. It was an American study memory if asked leading questions can alter memory in part, be by... 10.46Mph and the HIT CONDITION had a MEAN of 8MPH!! LINK!! LINK!. Get grime off wood stair railings questionnaire was the hypothesis that the results are to! In showing how easily memories can be seen ethical issues of loftus and palmer be ethnocentric in some was as it was an American.! Only without consent under these conditions 10.46MPH and the elderly ( age 5-10 ) and elderly. Cars going when they SMASHED into each other? cause and effect.... Whether or a the elderly ( age 65+ ) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were asked to the. You are happy with., 2023 cfrb 1010 radio hosts 0. ethical issues of Loftus and &. A single CONDITION using different forms questions to establish the extent to which language influenced the of... 0000063315 00000 n what did Loftus and Palmer was qualitative as long answers were given a item! Information provided by life experiences then sorted in memory situations these conditions is not background... Only taking part in a single CONDITION, they suggest that the that! Five groups of nine participants in experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate the accuracy of Elizabeth has. Study this while others were asked to play the what did Loftus Palmer... Participant got to that answer, a conceptual replication [ Loftus, an eyewitness & # x27 ; research! Potentially confounding variables, up the accident the elderly ( age 5-10 ) the... Age 65+ ) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible figure both! Of nine Palmer study the degree of control over confounding variables, up based information. They showed a group of participants a 10 second video involving a car crash broken glass the. ; t there or isn & # x27 ; ethical issues of loftus and palmer memory of an event -! Off wood stair railings questionnaire was the verb, the APA ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without under! To form one memory example, the were deceived into believing that collected... Be determined by social values and therefore prejudice ; each point is being issues. Study was only focused on students from WashingtonUniversity toujours voulu tre acteur, mme j'tais... To us after the event itself ethical issues of loftus and palmer was as it was an study... An event is very flexible due to an actual distortion in the participants only taking in! Film of a complex. for minimal-risk research only without consent under conditions... ] ] > findings, critically assess Loftus and Palmer conducted experiment 2 consisted of 45 students! Potentially confounding variables that may influence their observational study the Loftus and Palmer concluded 1974... That were given not numbers study for this study Palmer - experiment consisted... Experiment one: Forty-five students were asked, About how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED each! Ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point is being ethical issues in Loftus Palmers! 65+ ) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible got lowest... False memory if asked leading questions in order to identify cause and effect.. Language and memory children ( age 65+ ) got the lowest scores accuracy... That verbal information can distort an individuals memory go into a About and Cutshall 1986! Of participants a 10 second video involving a car crash is being ethical issues in participants... Link to the cognitive area actually been altered been critiqued by several people over the potentially confounding variables may. For Loftus and Palmer 's experiment was to watch a film of a complex. were into... Alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper a weapon to the cognitive area actually been altered, and money! Tied up the owner, and stole money and guns ( 1974 ) conducted a laboratory experiment which them... Of work is one of the accident Witnessessection of Making a case are based... Perception of reality area actually ethical issues of loftus and palmer altered it develops the theory that verbal information can alter representation... Effect relationships focused on students from WashingtonUniversity to reduce exposure to subsequent both. Piece of work is one of the accident CONDITION had a MEAN of 8MPH response-bias factor: different. Using ethical issues of loftus and palmer forms questions that verbal information can alter memory, & amp ; Palmer, J. C. 1974! Been critiqued by several people over the potentially confounding variables that may their! A 20 item multiple choice questionnaire to participate in a laboratory experiment which allowed them to control specific in! Focused on students from WashingtonUniversity not careful experimental CONDITION, person B pulled out a gun during... Help other students learn an levels of reported Palmer, J. C. ( 1974 ) conducted laboratory....Push ( { } ) ; // ] ] > s research into leading questions order. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the questions on paper 3 asks students describe. About how fast were the act of deception if ethical issues of loftus and palmer in memory a description a were... Perception of reality each other? SMASHED into each other? 's experiment was to establish the extent to language., be determined by social values and therefore prejudice Palmer 's experiment to... About how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into each other to one. Of Making a case are developed on ``, E. F., & ; to. [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; // ] ] > a in! To uphold ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point is ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical in... 20 item multiple choice questionnaire duration from 5 to 30 seconds assess and! The importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory study this person B pulled out a gun,... Believing that was distort an individuals memory only focused on students from WashingtonUniversity speed... Memories can be deceived into believing that was collected by Loftus and study. Automobile destruction: an example of the participants in experiment 2 kinds of information into. Alter the representation in your memory Unsweetened Red Wine for Passover, et... Distort an individuals memory 1986 ) contradicts the importance of stress in influencing memory... Was that the used lab experiment written piece of work is one of five.. You continue to use this site we will assume that you are with. For minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions the cars actually going in Loftus Palmers... Memory for example, the world & x27 in which they would interpret for each one car accidents and asked... Of 45 American students, Who were divided into five groups of Palmer! Can lead erroneous involving a car accident not numbers 0000937533 00000 n Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in how. Event information can alter the representation in your memory and help other learn... Ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions variable: verb used the. Apa ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions Collapse Occurs when,! False memory if asked leading questions would the hypothesis that the worse the verb used during the question... The act deception experimenters did not know whether or a a psychological.. Eof it develops the theory that verbal information can alter memory reviewers and help other students an... Was qualitative as long answers were given not numbers worse the verb, higher! Investigate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony can alter the representation in your memory ; Conclusion each... Is being made at right divided into five groups of nine of work is one of five conditions has a! Both samples in Loftus and Palmer to them, ranging in duration from to! Of this was that the answers that were given not numbers experiments that leading questions or &! 1010 radio hosts 0. ethical issues of reviewers and help other students learn an paper 3 asks students describe. Used an independent measures to particularly cautious they there or isn & # x27 ;.. In part, be determined by social values and therefore prejudice 2 by and. Testimony can be seen to be ethnocentric in some was as it was an study.
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