Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Most scientists believe that the star will end its life by expelling its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a compact white dwarf. The missions were intended to test procedures and technologies for moon flights and focused on aspects such as long-duration flights, rendezvous and docking. But this supernova, called SN2016aps, radiated more than five times the explosion energy of a typical supernova. A supernova has to happen extremely close to Earth for the radiation to harm life perhaps as little as several dozen light-years, according to some estimates. Gemini Power Color: Yellow. There are many interesting deep sky objects in Gemini. Given that, and the distance that separates the two entities, the supernova will, at the very least,be visible to us for a small stretch of time, but the rest remains to be seen. But just last year, for the first time, astronomers observed a 25 solar mass . If you know your browser is up to date, you should check to ensure that At magnitude 1.16, Pollux is among the 20 brightest stars . What does it mean when your boyfriend takes long to reply? Author: Dr. Christopher Palma, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. The Chinese name for the star is (Bi H sn), or the Third Star of North River, referring to the asterism North River, formed by Pollux with Castor and Rho Geminorum. This is a little unfortunate, as they are among the most energetic events in the known universe, meaning that they put on a fantastic show. Zeus then gave Pollux the choice between spending all his time on Olympus or giving half of his immortality to his mortal brother, so that they could alternate realms together. On average, it's predicted that a supernova occurs once every 50 years in a galaxy like the Milky Way. 3. Why dont we know the distance to Betelgeuse? The open cluster Messier 35 is a large, rich magnitude 5.3 cluster with more than 120 stars brighter than magnitude 13. 3.568). Pollux is a red giant star that has exhausted its supply of hydrogen, and is now fusing helium into carbon and other elements. Recent observations revealed that Pollux has a surface magnetic field strength below 1 Gauss. One of the most notable stars in Orion, and the ninth brightest in the ski, is Betelgeuse. The exoplanet was named through public voting and suggestions. Pollux is an intermediate mass star, almost twice as massive as the Sun and almost nine times larger. The X-rays were produced by a jet launched from the core of the star at the moment of its collapse. A dazzling supernova will appear in the sky in 2022, predict astronomers. D. The core collapse that causes some supernovas may result in the formation of a black hole remnant. d) Barnard's Star. Pollux science. One of the stars, IKPegasus A, will soon transform into a red-giant (this transformation marks the beginning of the end for sun-like stars), subsequently transferring matter to its companion white-dwarf, IKPegasus B. The Babylonians named the star Mu-sir-kes-da the Yoke of the Inclosure they saw the star as part of an asterism called Mash-mashu-arku the Eastern One of the Twins, while the Assyrians called Pollux and Castor Mas-mas twins. He also turned the brothers into the constellation Gemini. The word "nova" is of Latin origin and it translates to "new.". Which stars become white dwarfs? Pollux is 33.7 light-years from Earth. The field indicates that Pollux used to be an Ap star, a chemically peculiar class A star with overabundances of certain metals, which had a considerably stronger magnetic field than it has now. Along with Castor, Pollux is one of the two main guideposts for the asterism, which is sometimes nicknamed "the twins.". Even though they are referred to as twins and appear similar in brightness, the two stars are very different. . Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). Based on Polluxs mass, it is not massive enough to explode as a supernova. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in December 2015 after a public nomination and vote. Around the same distance as the red giant Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation of Botes. Ploutos and Philomelos Sons of Demeter and the demigod Iasion. It is one of the closest supernova progenitors to Earth and when it will explode it will become the second-brightest object in the night sky. Complex calculations based on data from the Hipparcos space telescope and ground-based radio telescopes indicate it is about 724 light-years away. Together, the twins were called the Dioscuri in Greek and the Gemini in Latin. It scatters the fundamental building blocks of the universe that form the core of most stars: hydrogen, helium, carbon. Mira is cooler and redder but intrinsically brighter than the Sun. However, in India, they were the Horsemen, and in Phoenicia, they were two gazelles or two kid-goats. All six are first magnitude stars. The Winter Triangle and the Winter Hexagon, image: Wikisky. Monocular vs. Binoculars- Which One is Best for Stargazing. Actually, it would even be visible during the day for up to several weeks or months. Q. Eta Carinae, as it's called, is a heavyweight star located some 7,500 light-years from Earth. The other three small stars orbiting around Rigel may have come from the same interstellar medium. As it is not massive enough to go out as a supernova, Pollux will end its life by expelling its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a compact white dwarf. Pollux b or Thestias, is a planet with an estimated mass of at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter - thus it is likely a gas giant. Though it is said that the sun is most likely to become a white dwarf star but as it is the biggest and brightest out of all of these, it is most likely to become a supernova. As it is not massive enough to go out as a supernova, Pollux will end its life by expelling its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a compact white dwarf. It is in the Hertzsprung gap, corresponding to a brief subgiant evolutionary phase as it expands and cools to become a red giant. However, none of the aforementioned really hold a candle to Betelgeuse. New York, Scientists think it will happen some time in the next 100,000 years. It will keep getting bigger until it reaches the end of its life cycle. Stars in the mass range of Deneb eventually expand to become the most luminous red supergiants, and within a few million years their cores will collapse producing a supernova explosion. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica,[1] Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The Short Answer: A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. Pollux, Beta Geminorum ( Gem), is an orange giant star located in the constellation Gemini. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It is about 170 times more luminous than the Sun, while Pollux shines with 43 solar luminosities. Its also a likely candidate for the next star to go supernova. Now, that would be a true sight. In both art and literature, Pollux and his brother were shown with horses, as the two were famed horsemen. [32] The star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, but is not photometrically variable. To that direction, recent supernova spectra are examined and historical supernova Ia . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The K0 means that it is somewhat cooler than then sun, with a surface color that is a light yellowish orange. Credit: NASA, Image above: After becoming a red giant, a small star will become a white dwarf and a large star will become a supernova. It could swallow the Sun 20 times over. 1.93), Alhena (Gamma Gem, mag. Pollux is an intermediate mass star, almost twice as massive as the Sun and almost nine times larger. It can emit more energy in a few seconds than our sun will radiate in its lifetime of billions. That means that, in all likeliness, we don't get to see it. The star collapses by its own gravity and the iron core heats up. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Betelgeuse, which is located approximately 640 light-years from Earth in the constellation Orion -- is one of the biggest and brightest stars in our galactic neighborhood. Plus, at 860 light-years away in the constellation Orion, Rigel would put on quite a show. A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star. The "b" indicates that the star is less luminous than average for its class. What is the upper limit to the mass of a white dwarf? Pollux currently lies 6.7 degrees north of the ecliptic, but will come close enough to it in the future to be occulted by the Moon and planets. What will happen to Pollux? Here are the 10 stars most likely to go supernova next: RS Ophiuchi 119 Tauri Pi Puppis Rigel Gamma Velorum Betelgeuse Antares Alpha Lupi Spica IK Pegasi Supernovas are visible during the day for up to several weeks or months. Pollux chose the latter and Zeus granted the brothers an alternate immortality, allowing them to spend half their time on Olympus and the other half in Hades. This is its "adulthood." These are the largest stars and they are really bright but now cooler. The name Pollux comes from Greek and Roman mythology. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Subscribe to our daily newsletter to keep in touch with the subjects shaping our future. Here are the 10 stars most likely to go supernova next: Supernovas are visible during the day for up to several weeks or months. He decreed that Pollux would stay in Olympus for some periods of time while also visit his brother in the underworld. Interestingly, this means that Betelgeuse (also known as Alpha Orionis) could have already exploded hundreds of years ago, and we would have no way of knowing. All that energy exploding out does a few things. Stars that are at least eight times as massive as our Sun are likely to end their life cycles as supernovae, but the most massive stars might not form supernovae at all. Both stars are orange giants (K0III), but Arcturus appears considerably brighter (mag. So just how long will we have to wait for the next show? supernova, plural supernovae or supernovas, any of a class of violently exploding stars whose luminosity after eruption suddenly increases many millions of times its normal level. Pollux along with Castor, are the two main guideposts for the asterism nicknamed the Twins. Each blast is the extremely bright, super-powerful explosion of a star. Castor also appears whiter than the yellowish Pollux. The star has a temperature of 8,360 F (4,627 C). To get the best experience possible, please download a compatible browser. The classification of SNe is an observational one. This might suggest that one or maybe both stars have altered in brightness since their designation around 300 years ago. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi. It's estimated that Betelgeuse could go supernova anytime in the next million years. For Pollux to go supernova, it would have to be of much bigger mass. However, it is unknown if it will become a red supergiant, like it was thought to have been, and then possibly explode into a grand supernova. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is one of the most important tools in the study of stellar evolution.Developed independently in the early 1900s by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell, it plots the temperature of stars against their luminosity (the theoretical HR diagram), or the colour of stars (or spectral type) against their absolute magnitude (the observational HR diagram, also known . Pollux is the brightest star in the constellation of Gemini. 3.15 3.90), Alzirr (Xi Gem, mag. 2.86), Castor B (Alpha Gem B, mag. What kind of star is most likely to become a white-dwarf supernova? Pollux is a red giant star that has exhausted its supply of hydrogen, and is now fusing helium into carbon and other elements. Some suggestthat it would be able to beseen during the daytime and outshine the moon at night. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, [1] Gamma Velorum, [2] Mu Cephei, and . Pollux was the son of Zeus, who had seduced Leda in the form of a swan, and Castor was the mortal son of the Spartan king. Because Type Ia supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars, it is likely that a supernova that could affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and (soon) a Bachelor of History from Athabasca University. Elementary, Intermediate Tests and High School Regents Examinations . Those without Balmer lines are classified as Type I SNe and those with Balmer lines are classified as Type II. On Feb. 23, 1987, Earth time, a massive star blew apart right in front of the world's astronomers, strewing ribbons and rings of glowing gas across the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy . SpaceX Crew-6 astronaut launch: Live updates, prototype space plane that it called Pollux, watching the gravitational wobbles in Pollux, planet-formation around stars much more massive than the sun may [be] common, We need more rules for space junk and moon bases, NASA and US officials say, NASA's SWOT water satellite suffers instrument shutdown in orbit, NASA's IBEX spacecraft not responding to commands after computer glitch during 15-year mission to study interstellar border, Intense solar storm supercharges auroras over UK and more (photos), Pictures from space! The term was first coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. The closest star that could go supernova is most likely Spica, a short 240 light-years from Earth. It is best seen in 8-inch or larger telescopes. The red supergiants life will be short and frenzied. Thus, a supernova is a part of the circle of celestial life. Supernova explosions comprise several types, but the most common occurs at the end of the life of a very large star one somewhere between 8 and 140 times the mass of the Sun. This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors. It would take 640 years or traveling through the interstellar medium before the light made its way all the way to Earth. "It suggests that planet-formation around stars much more massive than the sun may [be] common," read an Astronomy and Astrophysics paper concerning the discovery. Both are characterized by a tremendous, rapid brightening . It is only slightly fainter than Antares in the constellation Scorpius and Spica in Virgo, and it just outshines Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and Deneb in Cygnus. The existence of Pollux b was announced on June 16, 2016. It too has a companion star that will explode in a type 1a blast. A luminous supergiant This means that Deneb is now out of the main sequence, that phase of stellar evolution in which the Sun, Vega, and Altair are, characterized by the use of hydrogen contained in the stellar core as fuel for thermonuclear fusion reactions. Pollux is very easy to find because it is one of the brightest stars in the night sky and because it is one of the stars that form the Winter Hexagon, a large asterism that dominates the evening sky during the northern hemisphere winter. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant a type of star thats more massive and thousands of times shorter-lived than the Sun and it is expected to end its life in a spectacular supernova explosion sometime in the next 100,000 years. It could kill just about every multi-cellular organism that lives on land. The star is most prominent in the winter sky in northern latitudes. Being an evolved giant orange star, Pollux is considerably larger than the sun. They were the sons of Leda, the queen of Sparta. They can live up to one hundred billion years. Pollux, and by extension Castor, are sometimes identified with Apollo and Hercules or even with the founders of Rome the brothers Romulus and Remus. A stars mass is determined by the amount of matter that is available in its nebula, the giant cloud of gas and dust from which it was born. a) Sun. Pollux and Castor can be located by drawing an imaginary line from Rigel through Betelgeuse, which leads in the direction of two stars that appear similar and are relatively close to each other. A stars life cycle is determined by its mass. Pollux is a Greek name, but the legend behind the name comes from both Greek and Latin cultures. Castor and Pollux (or Polydeukes) are twin half-brothers in Greek and Roman mythology, known together as the Dioscuri. [10][34], Evidence for a low level of magnetic activity came from the detection of weak X-ray emission using the ROSAT orbiting telescope. There are two types of supernovae and each has special characteristics. These smaller stars become white dwarfs. 1.9), Tejat (Mu Gem, mag. Based on the star's spectral type (K0IIIvar), Pollux's colour is orange to red.Pollux is the traditional/proper name for the star, whilst Beta Geminorum is the Bayer classification for the star. The sudden decrease in the sun's mass might free the planet to wander off into space. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Pollux is classified as a K0 IIIb star. White stars are hotter than red and yellow. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. They directly collapse into the invisible mouths of the universe . The stars estimated age is 724 million years. 2.97), Mebsuta (Epsilon Gem, mag. As it is not massive enough to go out as a supernova, Pollux will end its life by expelling its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a compact white dwarf. Will Pollux become a supernova? Sirius A (Alpha Canis Majoris) Our number one star on the list. When Betelgeuse explodes as a supernova it will be more than 10 times brighter than the full moon in our sky. Pollux is located in the zodiac constellation Gemini. Blue supergiants like Rigel usually exhaust their fuel at a far quicker rate than smaller stars. Despite its amazing power, the star is nearing the end of its life. A supernova is the colossal explosion of a star. This is the catalyst event towards going supernova. The planet is about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits the star at a distance similar to the distance at which the Earth orbits the sun. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In any given year, it is an unlikely prospect. 3 min read. Pollux b was given the proper name Thestias, after Leda, the mother of Castor and Polydeuces in Greek mythology. Betelgeuse, the bright orange-red star, is only a little more than half as hot as our sun 3,500 degrees Kelvin yet it has about 20 times the mass. IK Pegasi Their estimated age is about 400 million years. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. One type, called a "core-collapse" supernova, occurs in the last stage in the life of massive stars that are at least eight times larger than our Sun. . In less than a second, the iron core, which is about the size of Earth, shrinks to a neutron core with a radius of about 6 miles (10 kilometers). The two stars are about 18 light years apart. Only 150 light-years from Earth, IS Pegasi is now a white dwarf. The star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, but is not photometrically variable. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point. C. The Sun is likely to become a supernova. Delly Cartwright is a teenage girl from District 12 who grew up being friends with Peeta Mellark. Our image of the day, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with code 'LOVE5', Issues delivered straight to your door or device. The gravity pulled together the swirling gas and dust to make the star that we see today as the brightest of the Gemini constellation. Pollux has around 1.91 solar masses, almost twice than that of the Sun and about nine times its radius. Though in the beginning, it is heavily implied that Pollux started off as a main-sequence star of spectral type A. Marina D'Arechi. This process will eventually culminate in a type 1a supernova blast. It does not store any personal data. A star that is at least five times bigger than our Sun can become a supernova. In China, the stars were associated with Yin and Yang. By stellar standards, thats super-short, but there are kinds of stars that can go supernova. There are other types of massive stars that were very curious about because they could also potentially give us supernovae and they could answer questions about how supernova come to be, and how stars like this work, said Levesque. Pollux and its neighbour Castor mark the heads of the celestial Twins, represented by the constellation Gemini. A change can occur in two different ways, with both resulting in a supernova. At what point is the marginal product maximum? On the other hand, one day it. In August 1181, astronomers in China and Japan witnessed a bright "guest star" in the night sky that we now know to have been a supernovaone of just a handful of recorded supernovae in our Milky. Which of the following best explains why Sirius appears brighter than Pollux in our nighttime sky? When Castor met his end in a family feud, Pollux asked his father, the god Zeus, to keep the two of them together, and Zeus gave him the choice to either live on Mount Olympus or give his brother half his immortality. Though they appear similar in brightness and are often referred to as twins, Pollux is a single star while Castor is a star system consisting of six. The constellation of Gemini is the northernmost of the zodiacal constellations and among the brightest. The Nine Planets has been online since 1994 and was one of the first multimedia websites that appeared on the World Wide Web. How much solar power do I need to run a laptop? SNe are broken down into two groups based on the presence or absence of Hydrogen Balmer lines in their spectra at maximum brightness. C) and A D) D and B The asteroid Ceres lies at an average distance of 4 4 million kilometers from the Sun. Observations carried out from 2007 to 2009 revealed that Pollux has a weak magnetic field at the surface, one of the weakest magnetic fields ever detected on a star. If that doesn't convey its sheer enormity, let me put it this way: If you were to replace Betelgeuse with our Sun, it would extend all the way to Jupiter, engulfing Earth and all of the planets in the inner solar system. It would affect lots of ocean life as well, but a lot would survive. The light emitted in ordinary supernovae is usually less than 1% of the total energy. Scientists suspected its presence since 1993, when a team at University of Texas at Austin measured precise relative radial velocities for three class K giant stars: Pollux, Arcturus and Aldebaran. The term 'supernova' comes from the Latin for new ( nova) and above ( super ), as supernova appear to be new stars in the night sky. Most cultures represent the stars as two of something. What Is a Supernova? When a star goes supernova, its core implodes, and can either become a neutron star or a black hole, depending on mass. At 640 light-years away, Betelgeuse is a massive red giant star. What causes the gas and dust cloud to condense and become a star? Now, Gamma Velorum has already shed its outer layers and is on the way to going supernova. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which . TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Pollux and Castor are around 18 light-years apart from one another. This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors. If the mass of the core is between 1.4 and 3.0 times the mass of the Sun, the core will become a neutron star. Arcturus is also much older, with an estimated age of 7.1 billion years. Space is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. They are roughly one-tenth the mass and diameter of the Sun. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? The X-ray emission from this star is about 1027 erg s1, which is roughly the same as the X-ray emission from the Sun. Written as 1g/1ml. After about a billion years the sun will become hot enough to boil our oceans. Zeus couldnt grant his wish since he was immortal. Gemini is a constellation high in the winter sky, containing a number of interesting observing targets. What kind of star becomes a supernova? The name Pollux comes from a legend from both the Greek and Latin Roman cultures. Some stars burn out instead of fading. The list includes massive WolfRayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae. Mass is how much matter there is in an object. Pollux formed around 724 million years ago, most likely from a cloud of dust and gas. Using data from the James Webb Space Telescope's first year of interstellar observation, an international team of researchers was able to serendipitously view an exploding supernova in a faraway . The term supernova is derived from nova (Latin: "new"), the name for another type of exploding star. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Rigel has around 21 solar masses. Measurements conducted by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite estimate that Pollux is around 33.78 light-years / 10.36 parsecs away from the Sun but other measurements put it at 34 light-years away. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The radio waves, by contrast, were produced years later as the exploding star reached the torus . Arrows indicate directions of movement. Prominent in the winter sky in northern latitudes, Gemini is a popular target for stargazers because it contains several interesting deep sky objects. A relatively close 34 light-years away, Pollux is just under two times the mass of our sun, almost nine times the diameter of the sun, and about 30 times the suns brightness in visible light. Plus, at only 240 light-years away, Spica would put on a display, possibly brighter than a full Moon. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience", "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion", "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts", "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry", "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope", "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon", European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821? Unusually, the star is the brightest in the constellation Gemini but is designated Beta Geminorum; Castor, which is a little fainter, is Alpha Geminorum. An extrasolar planet orbiting Pollux, named Pollux b (or Beta Geminorum b), was confirmed in 2006. Pollux is the brightest star in the constellation of Gemini. The giant star lies close to Earth, about 35 light-years away, with a luminosity of about 32 times that of the sun, according to NASA. The twins would help sailors in their time of need. This is the weakest ever discovered in a star. A supernova is the death of a star and there are a whole lot of stars in the universe. Pollux b has a mass of at least 2.3 Jupiter masses. Pollux and Castor were also known for their boxing abilities, and were thus the gods of athletes and athletic competitions. b) Deneb. It is an orange-hued evolved giant star, and also the closest giant star to the sun at a distance of only 34 light-years. The radial velocity of Pollux is estimated to be around + 3.23 km / 2 mi per second. Like other red giants, this process causes Pollux to become cooler than our Sun hence its orange color and much larger: 10 times the diameter of the Sun. . The exoplanet orbits Pollux once every 590 days at a distance of 1.64 AU in a nearly circular orbit. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It eventually exhausted its supply of hydrogen and evolved into an orange giant. Like other red giants, this process causes Pollux to become cooler than our Sun hence its orange color and much larger: 10 times the diameter of the Sun. The attached image is a graph based on a star's changing luminosity and temperature from formation to it's late stage. Which star is most likely to become a supernova? Pollux b or Thestias, is a planet with an estimated mass of at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter thus it is likely a gas giant.
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